Media Bias Toolkit｜主張・根拠・印象操作を見抜く語彙と質問
ニュースは“英語が難しい”のではなく、断定と印象が難しい。語彙でフレーミングを読む。
Bias OS（最小）
Claim（主張） / Evidence（根拠） / Source（出所） / Framing（見せ方） / Omission（欠落）
Claim（主張） / Evidence（根拠） / Source（出所） / Framing（見せ方） / Omission（欠落）
断定レベル（Strength of claim）
certainty
hedging
attribution
| 強さ | 語彙 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| 強 | proves / confirms / shows | ほぼ断定 |
| 中 | suggests / indicates / appears to | 示唆 |
| 弱 | may / might / could / possible | 可能性 |
| 逃げ | reportedly / allegedly / sources say | 責任を移す |
“reportedly”＝裏取りが弱い可能性。読む速度を落としてOK。
引用・出所（Attribution）の語彙
- according to / cited / quoted
- anonymous source / on background / off the record
- leaked / obtained by
- a spokesperson said / a statement said
出所が弱いほど、言い回しが“保険”になる。
フレーミング（印象操作）の語彙
framing
spin
loaded words
- frame / framing / narrative
- spin / downplay / exaggerate
- portray / characterize / depict
- alarming / controversial / shocking
- critics say / supporters say
“alarming” “shocking” は事実ではなく感情。ラベル語彙。
統計の罠（Numbers tricks）
- relative vs absolute
- from a small sample / cherry-picked data
- correlation vs causation
- outlier / average / median
- margin of error
“up 100%” でも母数が1→2なら意味が薄い。
見抜くための“質問テンプレ 15”
- What exactly is the claim?
- What evidence supports it?
- How strong is the evidence?
- Who is the source, and why should we trust them?
- What’s missing from this story?
- What assumptions does it make?
- What’s the strongest counterargument?
- Is this correlation or causation?
- Is the number relative or absolute?
- What’s the base rate?
- What does the other side say?
- What’s the incentive for each actor?
- What would change your mind?
- What’s the practical impact?
- Can we verify this elsewhere?
“切り取り”語彙（Out of context）
| 語彙 | 意味 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| out of context | 文脈外 | The quote was taken out of context. |
| misleading | 誤解を招く | That’s potentially misleading. |
| cherry-pick | 都合よく選ぶ | They cherry-picked the data. |
| oversimplify | 単純化しすぎ | That oversimplifies the issue. |
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