Finance Vocabulary｜数字・契約・投資・会計の語彙（実務で出る）
金融英語の目的は「賢そうに話す」ではなく、金・条件・責任を確定すること。ここは“数字を事故らせない語彙”を固める。
Finance OS（最小）
① Amount（いくら） ② Timing（いつ） ③ Terms（条件） ④ Risk（誰が負う） ⑤ Proof（何で証明）
① Amount（いくら） ② Timing（いつ） ③ Terms（条件） ④ Risk（誰が負う） ⑤ Proof（何で証明）
見積・予算・支払い（現場で最重要）
核語彙
- quote / estimate / proposal
- budget / forecast / actuals
- invoice / payment / receipt
- deposit / retainer / milestone payment
- net 30 / due upon receipt / late fee
- purchase order (PO) / line item
覚える順：invoice / due date / payment terms（ここが弱いとビジネスが死ぬ）。
支払い条件（Terms）の定番チャンク
- Payment is due within 30 days of invoice.
- A 50% deposit is required to start.
- The remaining balance is due upon completion.
- Late payments are subject to a late fee.
- This quote is valid for 14 days.
“valid” は見積の寿命。日本語の「有効」はここで最強。
値引き・例外・範囲（Scope）
- discount / rebate / credit
- waive a fee / waive the deposit
- exception / one-time / not recurring
- in scope / out of scope / change order
- If we can commit to ___, can you offer ___?
- We can do ___ as a one-time exception.
- That’s outside the current scope—shall we quote it separately?
投資・利回り・評価（ざっくりでも伝わる）
核語彙
- return / yield / ROI
- cash flow / cash burn / runway
- principal / interest / rate
- valuation / cap / multiple
- upside / downside / risk profile
“利回り”は文脈で：yield（金融商品）/ ROI（投資回収）/ return（広い）。
数字を確定する（確認フレーズ）
- Just to confirm, the total is $___, correct?
- Is that before or after tax?
- Is shipping included?
- Is this a one-time cost or recurring?
- What’s the payment schedule?
金融は「わかったつもり」が致命傷。確認フレーズを先に暗記。
会計の最低語彙（CFOじゃなくても必要）
- revenue / cost / expense
- gross margin / profit
- operating expense (OPEX) / capital expense (CAPEX)
- depreciation / amortization
- balance sheet / income statement / cash flow statement
“利益”を1語で言わない：gross / operating / net。
契約・条項の語彙（読めると強い）
| 領域 | 核語彙 | 意味（ざっくり） |
|---|---|---|
| 条件 | terms / conditions | 支払い、範囲、期限など |
| 責任 | liability / indemnify | 損害の責任と補償 |
| 保証 | warranty / guarantee | 品質・性能の保証 |
| 解除 | terminate / cancellation | 終了・解約 |
| 不可抗力 | force majeure | 天災等で履行不能 |
| 支払い遅延 | late fee / interest | 遅延損害金 |
Financeの“必殺12文”（これで運用できる）
- What’s the total cost, all-in?
- Is tax included or separate?
- Is this a one-time cost or recurring?
- What are the payment terms?
- When is the deposit due?
- What’s included—and what’s out of scope?
- Can you break this down by line item?
- What assumptions is this based on?
- What’s the downside risk?
- What’s the expected ROI and timeline?
- Let’s put that in writing.
- I’ll send a recap with numbers and dates.
練習（5分）
① 上の12文を音読 → ② 自分の案件（見積/契約）に置換 → ③ Numbers で数字の言い換え練習。
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